Jewelry
The silver jewelry of Himachal Pradesh
is one of the oldest handicrafts in the
State. The silversmiths scattered in various
parts of the State all recount how Sita,
the wife of Lord Rama, wore silver jewelry
designed and crafted by their ancestors
in the days of yore. Carrying on this long
tradition, these silversmiths continue to
produce articles of utility-engraved silver
teapots, glasses, lamp stands, fruit trays,
and more.
Woodcarving
Woodcarving is yet another noteworthy old
craft of this hill State. In fact, most
of the wooden homesteads here display excellent
standards in woodcarving. Carved wall panels,
doors and window ledges are very common.
Today, the woodcarvers are mainly concentrated
in the Kangra Valley, around Palampur, and
use the wood of walnut and birch trees as
the medium for carving a range of items
such as trays, fruit bowls, mythological
figures, pens and their stands. Bamboo and
wickerwork is also popular folk craft. The
locals are adept at making baskets, containers,
trays and bowls in various shapes and sizes.
Leather Craft
Himachal Pradesh is also known for its
leather chappals (flat, open shoes) and
belts. Chamba chappals with their open toes
and partially woven 'vamps' catch even the
most unobservant eye. Besides their aesthetic
appeal, they are light and comfortable.
All over the higher reaches of Himachal
Pradesh, straw, and treated bark shoes or
pullas, used for walking on snow, are an
unusual sight for strangers from the plains.
The straw or bark, in natural fawn and beige
shades, interspersed with dyed bright reds,
magentas and blues, is tightly woven to
make them in different sizes. Each pulla
is made in one piece with its bark sole
providing excellent grip on snow.
Architecture
The valleys of the Western Himalayas like
Chamba, Kulu, Mandi, and Kangra, which till
recently were rather inaccessible have preserved
vestiges of ancient and later civilisations
from the Kushan and Gupta times, to the
late 18th and early 19th century art of
Kangra. In Chamba, one comes across wood
beam temples with rich wooden reliefs, and
brass and stone statues, which date back
to the period of Ajanta and Ellora. In Kulu,
there are well-preserved 7th and 8th century
Shiva temples. The strikingly powerful stone
sculptures in Gupta style can be found at
Bajaura, Naggar, Dashal, and Jagat Sukh.
Of these Gupta style stone temples, the
Basheshar Mahadev temple at Bajaura is the
best preserved. Situated about 16 kilometers
from Sultanpur, Kulu on the Mandi-Kulu motor
road, the temple has no plinth, the main
structure rising from the ground level itself.
The entrance to the inner sanctum is guarded
by two elaborately carved sculptures of
Ganga and Yamuna.
The Shiva temple at Naggar is no different
except that here one comes across a sculpture
of Shiva and Parvati instead of the linga,
which is something uncommon. The temples
at Dashal, Jagat Sukh, and Thawa also conform
to the style of the temple at Bajaura, although
they seem much older. Folk and primitive
motifs are used extensively in them.
In Kulu, the rectangular stone and wood
temples, furnished with a pent roof and
veranda are a class by themselves. The walls
are built of alternate courses of stones
and deodar beams. The Naggar castle is an
example of this style of architecture and
there are two important temples belonging
to this class: the Bijli Mahadev and Sandhya
Devi temples. The former has fancifully
carved wooden uprights that join on the
roof and a good deal of open carvings surround
the arched windows in the fretted veranda.
The Sandhya Devi temple is built on the
structure of an old temple that dates to
the 8th century. This is testified by the
fact that the lower part has stone carvings
quite different from the upper woodcarvings
done in primitive style. The wooden part
completely encases the original structure
and this was done in the year 1428 AD according
to an inscription on the temple. The present
structure with Mughal pillars and woodcarvings
seems to have been built later.
Another important style in which the Kulu
temples were built can be seen at the Tripur
Sundari temple in Naggar and the Hidamba
Devi temple at Dhungri, Manali. These are
pyramidal structures with tiered roofs,
generally three, four, or five in number
and superimposed one above the other, diminishing
in size towards the top. The Hidamba Devi
temple is an interesting study from the
point of view of woodcarvings. The temple
was built in 1553 AD by Raja Budh Singh.
The old Kulu houses which are still extant
on the left bank of the Beas-in Naggar,
Haripur, Jagat Sukh, and Vashisht-with their
overhanging balconies going round the entire
first floor of the building and sloping
slate roofs, are structures of remarkable
beauty. The railings, brackets, and pillars
are artistically cut and the wooden windowpanes
decorated with carvings. The entrance doors
and the ventilators above them also have
carvings of fine workmanship. Even the carved
wooden household articles used by the people
of Kulu are genuine objects d'art.
Kangra Paintings
The paintings of the Guler-Kangra school,
are the most splendid specimens of Pahari
miniature paintings. Refined in outlines
and replete with rare sensuousness, these
miniatures are a fitting climax to a painting
tradition in the northern hill state, which
imbibed foreign influences on the fabric
of a local style.
The Guler style emerged with the Ramayana
and Bhagwata Purana paintings. Romantic
naturalism sensuous colors, beauty of the
female form and a striking spontaneity characterized
the Guler style. Natural elements were a
conspicuous part of the composition. Big
trees of the Guler region, swaying plantain
leaves, pointed cypresses and an undulating
hill came to be identified with this particular
style. Also, dark clouds pierced by serpent-like
lightning and skeins of white cranes were
the Guler symbols of desire.
The Guler-Kangra paintings are mostly illustrations
of Krishna-Radha legends, absorbing within
its divine framework the aspirations of
human lovers.
Apart from devotional themes, Kangra paintings
specialise in portraying women drawn after
the masterly classification of nayikas by
Keshavdas in Rasik Priya. Paintings of the seasons and each month
of the year were also drawn with a rare
feeling for the changing landscape, flowers,
birds, and life around the lovers. The ragmalas
(musical modes) had a limited patronage
in Kangra but are still known for their
tranquil depiction of ragas and raginis.
Technically, Guler-Kangra paintings show
a great sophistication of composition. Multi-figure
composition is handled with élan.
Rarely has any other art combined so little
fear with so much tenderness, so much delight
with such complete renunciation. |